Guides: SOCI C101 Guide for Dr. Sarah King: Race

EBooks on Race

(Re-)Defining Racism by Alberto G. Urquidez
Call Number: EBOOK
ISBN: 9783030272562
Publication Date: 2020
"What is racism? is a timely question that is hotly contested in the philosophy of race. Yet disagreement about racism's nature does not begin in philosophy, but in the sociopolitical domain."
American Multiculturalism in Context : Views From at Home and Abroad by Sämi Ludwig
Call Number: EBOOK
ISBN: 9781443816915
Publication Date: 2017
In March 2015, a group of experts from four continents and a wide range of disciplines met with the leading African American writer Ishmael Reed in Mulhouse, France, and Basel, Switzerland. Guided by Swiss cultural and literary theorist Sämi Ludwig, and deliberately migrating back and forth across a political border in the heart of Europe, they not only listened to Reed and discussed his work, but also looked more widely at the different meanings assigned to “multiculturalism” in the United States, Europe, and other parts of the world.
Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America by Khalil Gibran Muhammad
Call Number: EBOOK
ISBN: 9780674244337
Publication Date: 2019
"Chronicling the emergence of deeply embedded notions of black people as a dangerous race of criminals by explicit contrast to working-class whites and European immigrants, this fascinating book reveals the influence such ideas have had on urban development and social policies."
The Death Gap: How Inequality Kills by David A. Ansell,
Call Number: EBOOK
ISBN: 9780226428154
Publication Date: 2017
Ansell calls out the social and cultural arguments that have been raised as ways of explaining or excusing these [health] gaps, and he lays bare the structural violence—the racism, economic exploitation, and discrimination—that is really to blame.
Engaging the Race Question: Accountability and Equity in U.S. Higher Education by Alicia C. Dowd; Estela Mara Bensimon
Call Number: EBOOK
ISBN: 9780807756096
Publication Date: 2015
“Proven strategies that every educator in America can use to develop context-specific solutions for advancing equity while exploring the legacy of institutionalized racism that typically paralyzes reform and hinders change.”
The New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander; Cornel West (Introduction by)
Call Number: EBOOK
ISBN: 9781595586438
Publication Date: 2012
"In the era of colorblindness, it is no longer socially permissible to use race, explicitly, as a justification for discrimination, exclusion, and social contempt. Yet, as legal star Michelle Alexander reveals, today it is perfectly legal to discriminate against convicted criminals in nearly all the ways that it was once legal to discriminate against African Americans. "
The Racial Divide in American Medicine: Black Physicians and the Struggle for Justice in Health Care by Richard D. deShazo
Call Number: EBOOK
ISBN: 9781496817686
Publication Date: 2018
Documents the struggle for equity in health and health care by African Americans in Mississippi and the United States and the connections with the national search for social justice in health care.
Racial Profiling by Alison Marie Behnke
Call Number: EBOOK
ISBN: 9781512402681
Publication Date: 2017
"The high-profile deaths of unarmed people of color at the hands of police officers have brought renewed national attention to racial profiling and have inspired grassroots activism from groups such as Black Lives Matter. Combining rigorous research with powerful personal stories, this insightful title explores the history, the many manifestations, and the consequences of this form of social injustice."
Racism and Media by Gavan Titley
Call Number: EBOOK
ISBN: 9781446298534
Publication Date: 2019
"Examining the role of the media in the generation, circulation and contestation of racist ideas, this text provides the theoretical and analytical tools needed to interrogate how media dynamics and processes impact on racism and anti-racism."
Systemic Racism by Ruth Thompson-Miller; Kimberley Ducey
Call Number: EBOOK
ISBN: 9781137594099
Publication Date: 2017
"This volume identifies some of the remaining gaps in extant theories of systemic racism, and in doing so, illuminates paths forward. The contributors explore topics such as the enduring hyper-criminalization of blackness, the application of the white racial frame, and important counter-frames developed by people of color."
White Privilege and Black Rights by Naomi Zack
Call Number: EBOOK
ISBN: 9781442250550
Publication Date: 2015
"Examining racial profiling in American policing, Naomi Zack argues against white privilege discourse while introducing a new theory of applicative justice."

Articles on Race

Justice System

Bias In, Bias Out This Article's central claim is that these strategies are at best superficial and at worst counterproductive because the source of racial inequality in risk assessment lies neither in the input data, nor in a particular algorithm, nor in algorithmic methodology per se. The deep problem is the nature of prediction itself.
Blue-on-black violence: a provisional model of some of the causes This Article offers a theoretical model that explains the persistence of what I will call "blue-on-black violence." Although the factors are not exhaustive of the causes of police violence against African-Americans, they suggest that the problem is structural and transcends the conduct of particular officers engaging in particular acts of violence against particular African-Americans.
The Juvenile Justice System Should Address Racial Inequalities. In the following viewpoint, Jeff Armour and Sarah Hammond maintain that minorities make up a majority of the youth in the juvenile justice system and receive harsher treatment than whites.
Not-so-great expectations: implicit racial bias in the supreme court's consent to search doctrine. The Supreme Court's creation of the "social expectation" doctrine in third-party consent to search cases, where it equated a police officer demanding entrance to a suspect's home with a house call from a social visitor, is emblematic of the implicit bias that pervades the United States criminal justice system
Perspectives on Social Inequality, Criminal Justice, and Race in the United States: A Critical Analysis. This article critically examines competing perspectives on national and state criminal justice systems' policies in terms of how they influence citizens' need for prisons with the private sector's desire for profits and their effects on the incarceration rate of African American males.
Policing black Americans is a long-standing, and ugly, American tradition Holden and Baptist discuss advertisements posted by white slave owners seeking fugitive slaves prior to the abolition of slavery in 1865. The authors describe the social and institutional practices that sanctioned the apprehension, interrogation, and harassment of both enslaved and free Black people by white people during this time.
Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System Need to Be Addressed. Mauer argues that incarceration rates are disproportionately high in communities of color and that such unwarranted racial and ethnic disparities need to be reduced. Mauer contends that disproportionate crime rates only partially explain the incarceration rates of minorities and that racial profiling, discrimination against the poor, and criminal justice policies that are not race neutral need to be addressed in order to reduce disparities.
Racial Profiling Undermines the U.S. Legal System When people mistrust courts, they become that much less likely to accept their decisions as lawful and correct, and the whole system loses its legitimacy.

Health Care

Differences between blacks and whites in well-being, beliefs, emotional states, behaviors and survival, 1978-2014 We showed that some racial differences in survival could be partly mitigated by eliminating racial differences in health, happiness, and educational attainment. Future research is needed to analyze longitudinal clusters and identify causal mechanisms by which social, behavioral, and economic interventions can reduce survival differences.
The impact of race and ethnicity on mortality and healthcare utilization in alcoholic hepatitis: a cross-sectional study We identified differences in healthcare utilization and mortality by race/ethnicity. THC was significantly higher among Hispanics than for whites and blacks. We also demonstrated lower inpatient mortality in blacks compared to whites. These variations may implicate racial and ethnic differences in access to care, quality of care, severity of AH on presentation, or other factors.
Perceived discrimination in medical settings and perceived quality of care: A population-based study in Chicago Our study assessed multiple measures of perceived racial/ethnic discrimination in medical settings and investigated the locations and purported perpetrators of the discriminatory experiences within a population-based sample of 1,543 Black, White, Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Other adults.
The persistence of racially-based health care inequities The article discusses the racial discrimination in health care system prevailing from the 19th century. Topics include the contributions of Dr. Marion Sims towards the treatment of women's diseases, racism in the membership of the American Medical Association (AMA), and undertreatment of black children.
Racial health disparities in ovarian cancer: not just black and white Reviews the available information on OC racial health disparity and provide an overview of socioeconomic, environmental and genetic factors, as well as the epigenetic changes that can act as a liaison between the three. A better understanding of these underlying causes will help further research on effective cancer management among diverse patient population and ultimately narrow health disparity gaps.
Racism and health service utilisation: A systematic review and meta-analysis This paper presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative empirical studies that report associations between self-reported racism and various measures of healthcare service utilisation.
Triple jeopardy: the joint impact of racial segregation and neighborhood poverty on the mental health of black Americans The impact of segregation differs by neighborhood poverty and race. The psychological harm of structural racism, resulting in segregation and concentrated poverty, is not additive but multiplicative, reflecting a "triple jeopardy" for blacks, whereby their mental health is detrimentally impacted by the compounded effects of both neighborhood distress and racial segregation.
Variation in racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 mortality by age in the United States: A cross-sectional study In this study, we observed racial variation in age-specific mortality rates not fully captured with examination of age-standardized rates alone. These findings suggest the importance of examining age-specific mortality rates and underscores how age standardization can obscure extreme variations within age strata.
Women in Health Care: The Race and Gender Gap The article discusses race and gender gaps in the wages paid to health care workers in relation to an issue article on pay inequity. Topics include the impact of feminism in relation to racial pay inequities, the potential impact of a higher U.S. minimum wage, and the role of health worker wages as social determinants of health.

Education

Adolescent Racial Discrimination and Parental Perceptions of Safety in American Neighborhoods and Schools Estimates from propensity score matching models show that differences in ever experiencing discrimination between safe and unsafe schools decline as perceptions of neighborhood safety increase, except in residential areas that are usually safe. Yet, black and Hispanic adolescents attending safe schools in neighborhoods that are always safe experience similar rates of discrimination as other nonwhite youth living in residential areas that are never safe.
Are Schools in the U.S. South Using Special Education to Segregate Students by Race? Black and Hispanic students attending schools in the U.S. South have been and continue to be less likely to be identified as having disabilities than otherwise similar White students.
Colorism in the Classroom: How Skin Tone Stratifies African American and Latina/o Students This article theorizes the classroom-level interactions between students, teachers, parents, and administrators that contribute to color-based discrimination in schools. Drawing on theories of social interactions and social structures—including the halo effect, the beauty queue, racial capital, and the school-to-prison pipeline—this article explores the many ways that color-based discrimination affects the educational trajectories of Latina/o and African American children.
Critical Race Theory in Education: Where Farce Meets Tragedy The article focuses on the evolution of Critical Legal Theory (CLT) into a type of revolutionary project. The implication of CRT to children of color as perpetual victims, their learning problems of interest only as markers of white supremacist conspiracy is mentioned. The involvement of CRT in racial counter-story, which is an important component to educational research employing a critical race framework is emphasized.
Examining Latina/o Students’ Experiences of Injustice: LatCrit Insights from a Texas High School We found racial injustice in class enrollments, in students’ experiences with stereotypes and prejudice, in student-teacher relationships, and in school policies and norms. We argue that counterstorytelling could emerge to resist that injustice and that educators must understand how racism functions in their schools and interrogate relevant policies and norms
Histories of Colorism and Implications for Education In this article, we consider how colorist ideologies and practices unsettle arguments that celebrate racial gains in education, particularly as related to divides that have narrowed since the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Even though skin tone is a linchpin of intraracial disparities, connections between colorism and educational outcomes are underappreciated.
The Intersection of Race, Disability, and Giftedness: Understanding the Education Needs of Twice-Exceptional, African American Students Current literature on twice-exceptionality (gifted and special education) provides a general framework in understanding the experiences of gifted students with disabilities. However, few theoretical- and research-based publications have examined the intersection of race, disability, and giftedness. This article discusses this intersection, with specific attention on African American, twice-exceptional students, and it provides specific recommendations for preservice and in-service educators.
Only STEM Can Save Us? Examining Race, Place, and STEM Education as Property In this article, I use whiteness as property, a tenet of critical race theory, to examine STEM education in Memphis as a case of urban STEM-based education reform in the United States. I describe claiming STEM education as property as a 2-phase process in which middle-class Whites in urban areas participate to secure STEM education by repurposing "failed" Black schools and to maintain it by institutionalizing selective admissions strategies.
The Problem of Disproportional Representation of Students from Minority Races in Special Education The discussions and activities included in this project aimed to develop responsive instructional approaches with the ability to reshape the curriculum. The positive influence of this project is clear based on the participants' responses and the quality of their altered lesson plans. The results based on qualitative and quantitative methods are discussed.
Race and Color: Revisiting Perspectives in Black Education In this article, I outline how the color complex relates to racial battles and social perspectives within the nation's educational system. Recommendations for altering problematic norms are presented.
School Norms and Reforms, Critical Race Theory, and the Fairytale of Equitable Education In this paper, I utilize three tenets of Critical Race Theory in education--racism is normal, whiteness as property, and interest convergence--to illuminate the overt and covert ways racial inequity is preserved in the contemporary climate of public schooling and corporatized education reform efforts, as well as the particularly troubling situation wherein communities of color have repeatedly been promised educational improvement and enrichment, but have rarely received it.
Toward a Theory of Race, Change, and Antiracist Education The principal argument of the article, drawn from the dialectical and materialist work of select organic intellectuals and scholar activists, is that race seen as a social construct captures the subjective aspect of race but does not capture the internal relationship of the subjective aspect with the objective aspect of race.

Government

Black Politics For all practical purposes, the subdiscipline of black politics did not exist before 1969, and since then it has increased exponentially.
Can the Government Deter Discrimination? Evidence from a Randomized Intervention in New York City Racial discrimination persists despite established antidiscrimination laws. We couple an audit experiment with a randomized intervention involving nearly 700 landlords in New York City. We uncover discrimination levels higher than prior estimates indicate, especially against Hispanics, who are approximately 6 percentage points less likely to receive callbacks and offers than whites.
The Changing Norms of Racial Political Rhetoric and the End of Racial Priming We identify two historically related shifts that lead us to expect that the effective distinction between explicit and implicit racial rhetoric has declined in recent years. Regardless of whether political messages are racially explicit or implicit, the power of racial attitudes is large and stable. Finally, many citizens recognize racially hostile content in political communications but are no longer angered or disturbed by it.
It’s Not Race, It’s Politics! A Natural Experiment Examining the Influence of Race in Electoral Politics These findings indicate that racial resentment scores may not adequately measure a person's true feelings on race, particularly when the minority candidate is a Republican.
The politics of race are shifting, and politicians are struggling to keep pace Race has been a defining issue in American politics since before the country formally came into existence, a dividing line marked by generations of struggle and conflict. Today the issue is back at the center of a national debate, this time amid shifting attitudes and heightened expectations that are demanding more than sympathetic rhetoric and safe steps from political leaders.
Race, Housing, and the Federal Government: Black Lives on the Margins of the American The article describes an activity program for history studies in an undergraduate class which asks students to examine a brief excerpt from the U.S. Federal Housing Authority's (FHA) Underwriting Manual as well as sources related to race and housing in U.S. history.
Racial Minorities’ Trust in Government and Government Decisionmakers An increasingly multiracial society will experience considerable tensions as minorities distrust government decisionmakers of a different race. These tensions will continue to be exploited by ambitious political elites.
Urban Voters This entry provides an overview of research conducted on urban voters, considers the effect that racial and ethnic diversity have on voter attitudes and candidate choice in local elections, identifies a set of racial attitudes that influence municipal vote choice, and describes some of the data-related constraints that can make the study of urban voters challenging.

Economy

Bias, Employment Discrimination, and Black Women’s Hair: Another Way Forward The article discusses the history of discriminatory employment practices against Black women in America as of 2018, and it mentions U.S. courts, racial biases and stereotypes, and the regulation of Black women's hairstyles. Equality for Black employees is addressed, along with Title VII of the U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1964, social engineering, and the legal cases EEOC v. Catastrophe Management Solutions and Rogers v. American Airlines Inc. which deal with racism against Black women.
Discovering That the Poor Pay More: Race Riots, Poverty, and the Rise of Consumer Law The article offers insight to the book "The Poor Pay More" by David Caplovitz which focuses on U.S. consumer law. Topics discussed include analysis of the role of consumer law in the perpetuation of poverty, injustice, and social disorder; providing financial protections to the consumers; and Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture court case on the same.
The ethno-racial segmentation jobs: The impacts of the occupational stereotypes on hiring decisions As predicted, both the hireability ratings and the narrative comments produced by recruiters showed that native-born applicants were preferred for prestigious jobs while immigrants tended to be selected more often for low-skill positions. The discussion addresses various issues related to decision-making in recruitment settings.
The intersectional effect of poverty, home ownership, and racial/ethnic composition on mean childhood blood lead levels in Milwaukee County neighborhoods Poverty, home ownership, and race/ethnicity at the neighborhood level co-occur and interact to produce inequities in childhood lead exposure. By illustrating the intersection of neighborhood-level social patterns associated with childhood lead exposure, this study provides support for lead prevention efforts to align with equity-focused housing and economic policies to target primary prevention in neighborhoods disproportionately burdened by childhood lead exposure.
Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, Residential Segregation, and Spatial Variation in Noise Exposure in the Contiguous United States We found evidence of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic differences in model-based estimates of noise exposure throughout the United States.
Race and poverty in Baltimore: the struggle for social and economic mobility continues for young men in our cities How do the social contexts of family, neighborhood, and school in the early years relate to life outcomes for urban youth? Sociologists Karl Alexander, the late Doris Entwisle, and Linda Olson launched a study of Baltimore's children as they began school in 1982.
Race Discrimination: An Economic Perspective We review the empirical literature in economics on discrimination in the labor market and criminal justice system, focusing primarily on discrimination by race. We argue that economists miss the important self-enforcing relationship between disparities and discrimination and the effect of disparities in one domain on discrimination in other domains.
Race, Neighborhood Economic Status, Income Inequality and Mortality While racial and economic disparities in mortality are well known, this study suggests that several social conditions associated with health may unequally affect African American men in poverty in the United States. The significant association of neighborhood economic status and income inequality with mortality beyond the synergistic combination of sex, race and individual poverty status suggests the long-term importance of small area influence on overall mortality.
Segregation and the Cost of Money: Race, Poverty, and the Prevalence of Alternative Financial Institutions This work documents how the overlapping geographies of racial isolation and AFS prevalence shape the very cost of money for different racial groups, illustrating the importance of institutions transmitting the effects of racial isolation.
Soft Skills, Hard Skills, and the Black/White Wage Gap This shows not only that discrimination against Blacks varies across occupations, but also that such discrimination induces the self-selection of Blacks into certain occupations. Moreover, this finding highlights the role played by co-worker/customer discrimination in explaining the racial wage gap in the U.S. labor market.

Media

“Against a Sharp White Background”: Toward Race-Based Intersectional Research in Youth Media Studies The author discusses the role of racism in media studies. She examines an episode of "The Patty Duke Show" in which an African American young woman appeared and comments how this became the starting point of her research into mass media and racism, particularly the role of young African American women.
Black Racial Stereotypes and Victim Blaming: Implications for Media Coverage and Criminal Proceedings in Cases of Police Violence against Racial and Ethnic Minorities Findings suggest that the type of information released about a victim can significantly sway attitudes toward the victim and the shooter. Implications for media portrayals of racial/ethnic minority victims of police violence and its impact on criminal sentencing are discussed.
The Effect of Prime Time Television Ethnic/Racial Stereotypes on Latino and Black Americans: A Longitudinal National Level Study Multi-level modeling analyses reveal that media representations of Latinos and Blacks were associated with Latinos’ and Blacks’ ingroup attitudes, however effects on attitudes towards Whites were not significant.
“It’s not something I can shake”: The Effect of Racial Stereotypes, Beauty Standards, and Sexual Racism on Interracial Attraction Findings suggest that racial stereotypes, beauty standards, and sexual racism are prevalent among this student community and have harmful consequences for students of color, including decreased self-esteem, sexual repercussions, and internalized racism.
Media Representations of Race, Ability, and Gender in Three Outdoor Magazines: A Content Analysis of Photographic Images Our findings bear consideration, particularly in light of research demonstrating the ways that mass media reproduce stereotypical narratives about social groups and identities, particularly with respect to race and gender, socializing the consumers of media in the process.
Race, Economics, and the Shifting Politics of Sport Media The article discusses the shift in presentation of sports media in the U.S. and the role of football analyst Jimmy Snyder's in providing a perspective to audiences of the National Football League (NFL) games. Topics include history of sports related entertainment in the U.S., organized gambling in football and race neutrality in football.
Stereotyping Online? Internet News, Social Media, and the Racial Typification of Crime Using a multisite sample of mostly young adults, the current study examines the relationships between multiple types of online news consumption and crime news engagement on racially typifying African Americans as violent, property, and drug offenders. Findings reveal that Internet news consumption is negatively related, but social media news consumption is positively related, to racially typifying African Americans as criminals.
White Privilege and Racial Narratives: The Role of Race in Media Storytelling of Sexual Assaults by College Athletes Implicit bias is at the heart of this racially prejudicial media coverage. The problem at hand is both multifaceted and cyclical. If police target and arrest people of color more than members of other racial groups, they may be charged and possibly convicted more frequently, which in turn affects the racial makeup of criminal news coverage, resulting in confirmation bias.

SOCI C101 Guide for Dr. Sarah King: Race

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